Archive for the ‘cuckoo/male’ Category

Cuckoo bumble bees

Saturday, July 25th, 2020

What is a Cuckoo bumble bee?

To paraphrase Bumble Bees and Cuckoo Bumble Bees of California by Thorp, Horning, Jr and Dunning: Cuckoo bumble bees are social parasites without worker castes which usurp bumble bee nests and propagate themselves at the expense of their bumble bee hosts.

In other words, a queen cuckoo waits until another bumble bee species has an active nest with lots of workers. She invades the nest and kills the original queen. She then has the workers of the dead queen raise her eggs and larvae, rather than eggs and larvae of their own species. This has similarities to a cuckoo bird, which lays eggs in other birds’ nests.

Cuckoo bumble bees are the tanks of the bumble world: heavily armored and ready for conquest. Cuckoo queens lack a corbiculum (pollen basket) as they never gather pollen to take back to “their” nest.

Queens of non-cuckoo bumble bees collect pollen to feed their first set of workers each spring–so they need a corbiculum to collect and bring home pollen with which to raise the first set of workers. After the first set of workers hatch, the queen stays in the nest laying eggs while the workers go out foraging.

Cuckoos wait until other queens have established a nest with multiple generations of workers before they invade the colony, kill the existing queen and convince the workers to raise cuckoo bumble bee offspring.

Having said that, cuckoo bumbles are cool and part of the ecosystem.
They are a treat to encounter in the field.
Species are not bad or good.
Biodiversity is good.

Recognizing a cuckoo when we see it

If you see an unfamiliar bumble bee (cuckoos are rare relative to most other species in a given area) that seems very deliberate in its movements and walks from flower to flower, look closely at it’s rearmost legs. Is there a corbiculum present? Pollen basket?

If there isn’t then look closer. If no corbiculum, is it heavily armored? Behaviorally I (DJ) have noticed that, as a class, cuckoos often resist flying. They can fly, and do, but when they are on wildflowers they often walk from flower to flower rather than buzz from one to another as non-cuckoos do.

This may be due to the heavier weight of their thick exoskeleton. Because they are raised as warriors to go in and take over existing colonies, including killing the queen and any workers that rise to her defense, they are built much sturdier than non-cuckoos. It may take a lot more energy to fly around therefore more energy efficient to walk.

Cuckoo bumble species in Washington state include:

No pictures of Suckley bumble, B suckleyi available.

Suckley cuckoo bumble, Bombus suckleyi

Friday, July 17th, 2020

I have never seen Bombus suckleyi in the wild. I have grave concerns that I never will. Suckley cuckoo bumble bees seemed to prefer the Western bumble bee, Bombus occidentalis. When occidentalis populations crashed, the preferred target species was no longer available to suckleyi.

Predator/prey ratios suggest a smaller population of suckleyi relative to their occidentalist hosts. Suckleyi numbers probably also plummeted, but their population base level had never been estimated so we have no baseline. What we do have is years of increased bumble bee sampling and very few detections of suckleyi since the late 1990s.

If you think you see one, please get good pictures but give serious consideration to NOT COLLECTING IT. Any individual you encounter is a sexually active one. As cuckoos, there are no workers, only queens and drones. At the current population level we need to help all survivors bee successful.

Looking at the color forms for Suckleyi shown in Bumble Bees of the Western United States, all forms of the Suckley bumble bee have a solid yellow T4. That easily separates it from the Indiscriminate cuckoo bumble bee.

Also, male B. suckleyi are all or mainly yellow. Other cuckoo males are not. So if you see a yellow cuckoo you have something special! Get that picture!

The key distinguishing photographically useful feature for separating B. suckleyi from B. insularis and B. fervidus, according to the key in Bumble Bees of the Western United States, by Koch, et al, 2012, is the color of the hairs on the back of the head (Occiput). I have used this in a key, with a handlens, but may be a challenge with just a camera photo.

If the hairs on the occiput are predominantly black it is B. suckleyi.

Both B. flavidus and B. insularis have mainly yellows hairs on the back of their heads. This is important to remember, as far as capturing the key elements needed for photographic identification. Make that shot!

But please, do not collect it!

Indiscriminate cuckoo, Bombus insularis

Friday, July 17th, 2020

Please reference the Embedded Range Maps page to better interpret
# of observations per ecoregion.

Field ID tips

We have three species of cuckoo bumbles in Washington state.

Out of the three cuckoo queens, within Washington, only the Indiscriminate cuckoo bumble bee will show a black notch on T4.

Similar Species

At least in Washington, Fernald cuckoo bumble bees B. fernaldae and Indiscriminate cuckoo bumble bee. B. insularis are somewhat easy to distinguish between. As seen in the picture above and below, the Indiscriminate cuckoo has black up the center of tergites T3, T4 and T5 that break up the yellow bands. The Fernald cuckoo bumble bee will have a continuous yellow band on T4 (no black interruption).

The Suckley cuckoo bumblee bee queen also has a solid yellow T4, so the presence of black on T4 is a strong indicator what you have is Bombus insularis. The key distinguishing feature for separating the Indiscriminate cuckoo bumble bee, B. insularis from Suckley cuckoo bumble bee, B. suckleyi, according to the key in Bumble Bees of the Western United States, by Koch, et al, 2012, is the color of the hairs on the back of the head (Occiput). If the hairs on the back of the head are predominantly black it is B. suckleyi.

Both B. flavidus / fernaldae and B. insularis have mainly yellows hairs on the back of their heads. This is important to remember, as far as capturing the key elements needed for photographic identification.

Fernald cuckoo bumble, Bombus flavidus/fernaldae

Friday, July 17th, 2020

Field ID tips

The Fernald cuckoo bumble has a continuous yellow band on T4 (no black interruption).

  • T1 = black
  • T2 = black
  • T3 = black
  • T4 = yellow ( insularis, would show a black area in the center)
  • T5 = black (drones may show some orange or pale hairs)

Similar Species

We have three species of cuckoo bumbles in Washington state.

The Fernald cuckoo bumble bee can be distinguished from the Indiscriminate cuckoo bumble bee because the Indiscriminate bumble has a yellow face and a black notch on T4 while the Fernald cuckoo has a black face and a solid yellow T4

The Fernald cuckoo bumble bee, in the west, is a dark bumble. T3 is black. If T1 is yellow or cloudy, then this is not a reliable field mark.

In the Suckley cuckoo bumble bee, T3 is yellow with a black notch. In the case of B. suckleyi, T1 is always black on a queen. So, if T1 and T3 are black, it is most likely a Fernald cuckoo. If T1 is black and T3 shows some yellow, it may well be a Suckley cuckoo bumble bee. If T1 is cloudy, not black or yellow, it suggests Fernald not Suckley.

The key distinguishing feature for separating B. flavidus from B. suckleyi, the Suckley bumble bee, according to the key in Bumble Bees of the Western United States, by Koch, et al, 2012, is the color of the hairs on the back of the head (Occiput). If the hairs on the back of the head are predominantly black it is B. suckleyi. Bombus fernaldae has mainly yellows hairs on the back of the head. This is important to remember, as far as capturing the key elements needed for photographic identification. Make that shot!